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The Dream of Anarchists アナキストの夢
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Recently I've read Sakae Osugi's works.
He is one of the most famous anarchist before World War II in Japan. (http://goo.gl/5rYX7) He was killed by the military police in the chaos just after the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923. After his death, anarchism was almost disappeared in Japan.
He explained about anarchism as follows.
"The society, in which each free persons formulate an organization on their free will, and these autonomous organizations formulate an union."
I'd like to put anarchism on the political map.
Communism and anarchism are on the same side of pro-revolution, but they are opposed between groupism and individualism. Actually they conflicted sharply with each other.
Communism is based on the proletariat as the class, and anarchist is based on labors as individuals. Communism conduced to autocratic states, and anarchism lost out lack of organizational power.
Libertarianism and anarchism are on the same side of individualism. I, myself, am conservative, and I agree with the individualism side of anarchism. But I thought that anarchism society was impossible and just the dream of anarchists.
When I read "How to Become a Hacker" by Eric Raymond (http://goo.gl/aS7R), I found that the dream of anarchists came true in the hacker society. He wrote as follows.
=======
There is a community, a shared culture, of expert programmers and networking wizards that traces its history back through decades to the first time-sharing minicomputers and the earliest ARPAnet experiments. The members of this culture originated the term 'hacker'. Hackers built the Internet. Hackers made the Unix operating system what it is today. Hackers run Usenet. Hackers make the World Wide Web work.
Hackers solve problems and build things, and they believe in freedom and voluntary mutual help. To be accepted as a hacker, you have to behave as though you have this kind of attitude yourself.
Hackers are naturally anti-authoritarian. Anyone who can give you orders can stop you from solving whatever problem you're being fascinated by — and, given the way authoritarian minds work, will generally find some appallingly stupid reason to do so. So the authoritarian attitude has to be fought wherever you find it, lest it smother you and other hackers.
=======
This is the dream of anarchists, is it? They made a community on their own will, and created the Internet and UNIX. I think that Sakae Osugi would be a hacker in his era, even if he didn't know a computer.
He is one of the most famous anarchist before World War II in Japan. (http://goo.gl/5rYX7) He was killed by the military police in the chaos just after the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923. After his death, anarchism was almost disappeared in Japan.
He explained about anarchism as follows.
"The society, in which each free persons formulate an organization on their free will, and these autonomous organizations formulate an union."
I'd like to put anarchism on the political map.
Communism and anarchism are on the same side of pro-revolution, but they are opposed between groupism and individualism. Actually they conflicted sharply with each other.
Communism is based on the proletariat as the class, and anarchist is based on labors as individuals. Communism conduced to autocratic states, and anarchism lost out lack of organizational power.
Libertarianism and anarchism are on the same side of individualism. I, myself, am conservative, and I agree with the individualism side of anarchism. But I thought that anarchism society was impossible and just the dream of anarchists.
When I read "How to Become a Hacker" by Eric Raymond (http://goo.gl/aS7R), I found that the dream of anarchists came true in the hacker society. He wrote as follows.
=======
There is a community, a shared culture, of expert programmers and networking wizards that traces its history back through decades to the first time-sharing minicomputers and the earliest ARPAnet experiments. The members of this culture originated the term 'hacker'. Hackers built the Internet. Hackers made the Unix operating system what it is today. Hackers run Usenet. Hackers make the World Wide Web work.
Hackers solve problems and build things, and they believe in freedom and voluntary mutual help. To be accepted as a hacker, you have to behave as though you have this kind of attitude yourself.
Hackers are naturally anti-authoritarian. Anyone who can give you orders can stop you from solving whatever problem you're being fascinated by — and, given the way authoritarian minds work, will generally find some appallingly stupid reason to do so. So the authoritarian attitude has to be fought wherever you find it, lest it smother you and other hackers.
=======
This is the dream of anarchists, is it? They made a community on their own will, and created the Internet and UNIX. I think that Sakae Osugi would be a hacker in his era, even if he didn't know a computer.
最近、大杉栄の作品を読んでいる。
彼は、戦前の日本における最も著名なアナキストである。1923年の関東大震災後の混乱の中で憲兵に殺害された。彼の死後、日本におけるアナキズムはほぼ消滅させられてしまった。
彼は、アナキズムを次のように説明している。
「自由なる各個人が自由合意によって一団体を形づくり、その各自由自治団体がまた自由意志によって相互の連合を謀る社会である。」
アナキズムを政治地図の上に位置づけたいと思う。
コミュニズムとアナキズムは、革命派という意味では同じ側に立っているけれど、集団主義と個人主義という点で対立する。実際、彼らは厳しく対立していた。
コミュニズムは階級としてのプロレタリアートに立脚しており、アナキズムは個人としての労働者に立脚している。コミュニズムは独裁国家をもたらし、アナキズムは組織力の欠如ゆえに敗退した。
リバタリアニズムとアナキズムは個人主義という観点からは同じ側に立っている。私自身は、保守主義者だが、アナキズムの個人主義の側面には共感する。しかし、アナキズムの社会は不可能であり、アナキストの夢だと思っていた。
エリック・レイモンドの「ハッカーになろう」(山形浩生訳(http://goo.gl/9S0Z))を読んで、アナキストの夢がハッカー社会で実現していることがわかった。彼は次のように書いている。
=========
熟練プログラマやネットワークの天才たちのコミュニティないしは共有文化というものが存在しています。その歴史は初期のタイム・シェアリング・ミニコンピュータや黎明期の ARPAnet の実験にまで遡ることができます。この文化に属する人々が「ハッカー hacker」という言葉をうみだしました。ハッカーたちはインターネットを築きました。ハッカーたちが UNIX オペレーティングシステムを今日のような形にまで作りあげました。ハッカーたちが Usenet を運営し、World Wide Web が使えるようにしたんです
ハッカーは問題を解決し、物事を築きます。そして自由と自発的な助け合いを信条としています。ハッカーとして受け入れられるには、こういう姿勢態度を持つようなふるまいが必要です。
ハッカーたちは本来的に反権威主義です。あなたに命令できる人は、何かあなたが興味を持っている問題を解決するのを止めさせてしまえます――しかも、権威主義的な頭の特徴として、そのやめさせる理由もあきれるくらいくだらないものであるのが普通です。だから権威主義的態度に出会ったら、必ず戦わないといけないのです。そうしないとあなたや他のハッカーたちが窒息させられてしまいます。
=========
これはアナキズムの夢じゃないだろうか。彼らは自分の意志でコミュニティを作り、インターネットとUNIXを創造した。大杉栄はコンピューターを知らなかってけれど、ハッカーだったんだろうと思う。
彼は、戦前の日本における最も著名なアナキストである。1923年の関東大震災後の混乱の中で憲兵に殺害された。彼の死後、日本におけるアナキズムはほぼ消滅させられてしまった。
彼は、アナキズムを次のように説明している。
「自由なる各個人が自由合意によって一団体を形づくり、その各自由自治団体がまた自由意志によって相互の連合を謀る社会である。」
アナキズムを政治地図の上に位置づけたいと思う。
コミュニズムとアナキズムは、革命派という意味では同じ側に立っているけれど、集団主義と個人主義という点で対立する。実際、彼らは厳しく対立していた。
コミュニズムは階級としてのプロレタリアートに立脚しており、アナキズムは個人としての労働者に立脚している。コミュニズムは独裁国家をもたらし、アナキズムは組織力の欠如ゆえに敗退した。
リバタリアニズムとアナキズムは個人主義という観点からは同じ側に立っている。私自身は、保守主義者だが、アナキズムの個人主義の側面には共感する。しかし、アナキズムの社会は不可能であり、アナキストの夢だと思っていた。
エリック・レイモンドの「ハッカーになろう」(山形浩生訳(http://goo.gl/9S0Z))を読んで、アナキストの夢がハッカー社会で実現していることがわかった。彼は次のように書いている。
=========
熟練プログラマやネットワークの天才たちのコミュニティないしは共有文化というものが存在しています。その歴史は初期のタイム・シェアリング・ミニコンピュータや黎明期の ARPAnet の実験にまで遡ることができます。この文化に属する人々が「ハッカー hacker」という言葉をうみだしました。ハッカーたちはインターネットを築きました。ハッカーたちが UNIX オペレーティングシステムを今日のような形にまで作りあげました。ハッカーたちが Usenet を運営し、World Wide Web が使えるようにしたんです
ハッカーは問題を解決し、物事を築きます。そして自由と自発的な助け合いを信条としています。ハッカーとして受け入れられるには、こういう姿勢態度を持つようなふるまいが必要です。
ハッカーたちは本来的に反権威主義です。あなたに命令できる人は、何かあなたが興味を持っている問題を解決するのを止めさせてしまえます――しかも、権威主義的な頭の特徴として、そのやめさせる理由もあきれるくらいくだらないものであるのが普通です。だから権威主義的態度に出会ったら、必ず戦わないといけないのです。そうしないとあなたや他のハッカーたちが窒息させられてしまいます。
=========
これはアナキズムの夢じゃないだろうか。彼らは自分の意志でコミュニティを作り、インターネットとUNIXを創造した。大杉栄はコンピューターを知らなかってけれど、ハッカーだったんだろうと思う。
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Recently I've been reading the works of Sakae Osugi.
He is one of the most famous anarchists from before World War II in Japan.
After his death, anarchism almost disappeared in Japan.
"A society, in which each free person formulates an organization from their free will, and these autonomous organizations formulate an union."
Communism and anarchism are on the same side of pro-revolution, but they are opposed between groupism and individualism.
"pro-revolution" isn't very meaningful though since it is defined by the status quo
Communism is based on the proletariat as the class, and anarchy is based on laborers as individuals.
Communism is conducive towards autocratic states, and anarchism lost out from an inherent lack of organizational power.
But I thought that anarchic society was impossible, and just the dream of anarchists.
When I read "How to Become a Hacker" by Eric Raymond (http://goo.gl/aS7R), I found that the dream of anarchists came true in the hacker society.
Although notice ESR did not invent this stuff...
Hackers are naturally anti-authoritarian.
Hm this is truth mixed with hopes of ESR. Linux has a well defined and brutally enforced "authority" structure.
So the authoritarian attitude has to be fought wherever you find it, lest it smother you and other hackers.
If you google ESR you will find various strange things.
This is the dream of anarchists, isn't it?
I think that Sakae Osugi would be a hacker in his era, even if he didn't know about computers.
Have you read Akemetsu?
http://www.mangareader.net/331-22651-1/akumetsu/chapter-1.html
It's also reminding me of the Individual Eleven from Ghost in The Shell series.
Seems it did not get completely forgotten.
I thought that I would write about Anonymous, but I didn't write about them in this entry. Maybe I will.
Osugi-san did direct action, but at the same time he wrote many essays about anarchism. If he live now, he would attend both of Anonymous movement and FOSS.
Recently I read Sakae Osugi's works.
"Recently I read..." means that you are no longer reading them, at least for the moment.
"Recently I've been reading..." means that you are continuing to read them.
"Recently I've read..." is a bit unnatural, although not entirely incorrect. It is more likely that you would say this while mentioning other things that you have also read in the recent past.
He was one of the most famous anarchists in Japan before World War II.
"He was one of the most famous anarchists in Japan before World War II" means that he was famous at that time.
"He is one of the most famous anarchists from before World War II in Japan" means that of anarchists who were active before World War II in Japan, he is now more famous than most others.
"Anarchist society is a society in which each free individuals form organizations of their own free will, and these autonomous organizations form a union."
There should be no comma before "in which"; the "in which" clause is restrictive (part of the specification of the kind of society).
The word union starts with the sound ユ = yu. Even though 'u' is a vowel, the 'y' sound of 'yu' is considered a consonant sound in English, so "a" does not change to "an" before it. I think that some speakers in the UK may say "an union", but I'm not sure. In US English, it is definitely "a union".
"Formulate" has to do with ideas, not with actions.
Communism and anarchism both advocate revolution, but they are opposed between emphasis on the group and emphasis on the individual.
The word "groupism" doesn't exist in English, although it's clear what you intended it to mean.
Communism is based on the proletariat as a class, and anarchism is based on laborers/workers as individuals.
Communist movements have led to autocratic states, whereas anarchists have failed to take power through lack of organization.
Libertarians and anarchists both advocate individualism.
It doesn't really make sense to describe "individualism" as a "side". It is one principle among many in describing the values of a society.
I, myself, am conservative, and I agree with the kind/type of individualism advocated by anarchists.
But I thought that an anarchist society was impossible and just the dream of anarchists. [Alternative: "... that a society based on anarchism was impossible..."]
When I read "How to Become a Hacker" by Eric Raymond (http://goo.gl/aS7R), I found that the dream of anarchists came true in the hacker society.
Do hackers form a society? If so, it is certainly not a society of the same kind as you have been discussing. It is a group operating within the context of other societies.
He wrote as follows:
They made a community of their own free will, and created the Internet and UNIX.
The statements that they "created" the Internet and UNIX are misleading. UNIX was a project of Bell Laboratories, the research branch of the telephone company AT&T, which was then a monopoly, in cooperation with General Electric and MIT (the Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Eric Raymond's claim is that what he calls "hackers" (this is different from the definitions of lawmakers) maintained and improved this operating system after the antitrust suit resulted in the breakup of AT&T as a monopoly. (This also gave Bill Gates the opportunity to establish Windows, a vastly inferior operating system, as the operating system used by the vast majority of businesses.) This is true, but it is rather different from saying that those "hackers" created UNIX. If Raymond's claim is that the people involved in the organizations which did create UNIX were all "hackers", then the term is practically meaningless-- certainly they did not all share the community-oriented values he ascribes to hackers.
The Internet, whether one likes it or not, was created by a research group which was part of the US Department of Defense, with considerable help from researchers in universities. Again, to call all of the people involved in its development "hackers" is to render the term meaningless.
The Internet, whether one likes it or not, was created by a research group which was part of the US Department of Defense, with considerable help from researchers in universities. Again, to call all of the people involved in its development "hackers" is to render the term meaningless.
It is worth noting that Karl Marx regarded anarchism as the ultimate goal; he predicted that the communist state would eventually "wither away" when it was no longer necessary. He regarded the communist state as a necessary stage for exactly the reason that you said anarchist movements were not successful; people who have lived their entire lives in a society based on individual greed and competition for resources cannot change overnight into the kind of mutually supporting individuals required for an anarchist state to succeed. They are also incapable of wresting political and economic power from the small elites who control that power in existing societies.
There is definitely a loosely organized group of knowledgeable engineers who function to some extent in the ways that Raymond describes. To call that group an "anarchist society", or to imagine that those individuals do everything they do in the cooperative spirit Raymond describes, are misconceptions.
>To call that group an "anarchist society", or to imagine that those individuals do everything they do in the cooperative spirit Raymond describes, are misconceptions.
I agree with you, so it is "the dream" of anarchists.